NORTHERN EUROPE

Estonia

Tallinn · pop. 1M · Estonian · euro

Trajectories

economic complexity

#28

Climbing the complexity rankings, from #39 in 1995.

2024 · 0.89

Harvard Growth Lab · thin line is the world’s median

the numbers30

when	value	change
1995	0.68
1996	0.70	+0.02 pts
1997	0.65	−0.05 pts
1998	0.66	+0.01 pts
1999	0.59	−0.08 pts
2000low	0.58	−0.01 pts
2001	0.69	+0.11 pts
2002	0.66	−0.03 pts
2003	0.77	+0.10 pts
2004	0.77	0 pts
2005	0.76	−0.01 pts
2006	0.84	+0.08 pts
2007	0.81	−0.03 pts
2008	0.83	+0.03 pts
2009	0.83	−0.01 pts
2010	0.91	+0.08 pts
2011	0.96	+0.06 pts
2012	0.92	−0.05 pts
2013	0.93	+0.01 pts
2014	0.96	+0.03 pts
2015	0.96	0 pts
2016	1.01	+0.05 pts
2017	0.96	−0.05 pts
2018	1.01	+0.05 pts
2019	1.04	+0.03 pts
2020	1.02	−0.02 pts
2021high	1.05	+0.02 pts
2022	0.99	−0.05 pts
2023	0.98	−0.01 pts
2024latest	0.89	−0.09 pts

economic momentum

$31.4K

Quadrupled since 2000. GDP per head in 2024, in current US dollars.

2024 · $31.4K

World Bank · thin line is the world’s median

the numbers32

when	value	change
1993low	$2,686
1994	$2,819	+5.0%
1995	$3,134	+11.2%
1996	$3,381	+7.9%
1997	$3,683	+8.9%
1998	$4,093	+11.1%
1999	$4,141	+1.2%
2000	$4,071	−1.7%
2001	$4,503	+10.6%
2002	$5,343	+18.7%
2003	$7,205	+34.9%
2004	$8,916	+23.7%
2005	$10.4K	+16.8%
2006	$12.6K	+21.4%
2007	$16.7K	+32.5%
2008	$18.2K	+8.7%
2009	$14.7K	−19.2%
2010	$14.7K	−0.3%
2011	$17.6K	+19.7%
2012	$17.6K	+0.1%
2013	$19.3K	+9.9%
2014	$20.6K	+6.6%
2015	$17.7K	−13.9%
2016	$18.7K	+5.3%
2017	$20.9K	+11.7%
2018	$23.6K	+13.3%
2019	$24.0K	+1.7%
2020	$23.9K	−0.4%
2021	$28.0K	+16.8%
2022	$28.3K	+1.4%
2023	$30.3K	+6.8%
2024latest	$31.4K	+3.8%

prices

3.5%

A year’s rise in consumer prices, in 2024. The world’s median was 3.1%.

2024 · 3.5%

World Bank · thin line is the world’s median

the numbers32

when	value	change
1993high	89.8%
1994	47.7%	−42.2 pts
1995	28.8%	−18.9 pts
1996	23.1%	−5.73 pts
1997	10.6%	−12.5 pts
1998	8.2%	−2.37 pts
1999	3.3%	−4.91 pts
2000	4.0%	+0.72 pts
2001	5.7%	+1.73 pts
2002	3.6%	−2.18 pts
2003	1.3%	−2.24 pts
2004	3.0%	+1.71 pts
2005	4.1%	+1.03 pts
2006	4.4%	+0.36 pts
2007	6.6%	+2.16 pts
2008	10.4%	+3.76 pts
2009	−0.1%	−10.4 pts
2010	3.0%	+3.05 pts
2011	5.0%	+2.01 pts
2012	3.9%	−1.05 pts
2013	2.8%	−1.15 pts
2014	−0.1%	−2.89 pts
2015low	−0.5%	−0.39 pts
2016	0.1%	+0.64 pts
2017	3.4%	+3.27 pts
2018	3.4%	+0.02 pts
2019	2.3%	−1.16 pts
2020	−0.4%	−2.72 pts
2021	4.7%	+5.10 pts
2022	19.4%	+14.7 pts
2023	9.2%	−10.2 pts
2024latest	3.5%	−5.64 pts

demographic curve

1.2 children per woman

Far below replacement: rapid ageing ahead.

2024 · 1.2

World Bank · thin line is the world’s median · rule marks replacement (2.1)

the numbers65

when	value	change
1960	2.0
1961	2.0	0.0%
1962	1.9	−1.5%
1963	1.9	−3.1%
1964	1.9	+2.6%
1965	1.9	−3.1%
1966	1.9	−0.5%
1967	1.9	+1.6%
1968	2.0	+6.8%
1969	2.1	+4.9%
1970	2.2	+1.9%
1971	2.2	+0.9%
1972	2.1	−2.7%
1973	2.1	−3.3%
1974	2.1	+0.5%
1975	2.0	−1.4%
1976	2.1	+1.5%
1977	2.1	−0.5%
1978	2.0	−1.9%
1979	2.0	−1.0%
1980	2.0	+1.0%
1981	2.1	+2.5%
1982	2.1	0.0%
1983	2.2	+4.3%
1984	2.2	+0.5%
1985	2.1	−1.8%
1986	2.2	+2.3%
1987high	2.3	+4.1%
1988	2.3	0.0%
1989	2.2	−2.2%
1990	2.0	−7.7%
1991	1.8	−12.2%
1992	1.7	−5.0%
1993	1.5	−12.9%
1994	1.4	−4.7%
1995	1.4	−2.8%
1996	1.4	−0.7%
1997	1.3	−3.6%
1998	1.3	−3.0%
1999	1.3	+1.6%
2000	1.4	+4.6%
2001	1.3	−2.9%
2002	1.4	+3.0%
2003	1.4	+0.7%
2004	1.5	+7.3%
2005	1.5	+3.4%
2006	1.6	+3.9%
2007	1.7	+7.0%
2008	1.7	+1.8%
2009	1.7	−1.2%
2010	1.7	+1.2%
2011	1.6	−6.4%
2012	1.6	−3.1%
2013	1.5	−2.6%
2014	1.5	+1.3%
2015	1.6	+2.6%
2016	1.6	+1.3%
2017	1.6	−0.6%
2018	1.7	+5.0%
2019	1.7	−0.6%
2020	1.6	−4.8%
2021	1.6	+1.9%
2022	1.4	−12.4%
2023	1.3	−7.1%
2024latest	1.2	−9.9%

Metrics

population

1M

155 of 176

REST Countries · UN data
gdp

$41B

98 of 170

World Bank · latest available
gdp per capita

$30,264

38 of 170

World Bank · latest available
military spending

$1B

70 of 151

SIPRI via World Bank
military % of gdp

3.0%

23 of 148

SIPRI via World Bank
area

45K km²

133 of 176

REST Countries
population density

22.2 /km²

140 of 176

zuhd — derived from population and area
life expectancy

78.5 yr

41 of 175

World Bank · latest available
internet access

93%

29 of 166

ITU via World Bank
co₂ per capita

7.8 t

22 of 163

World Bank · Climate Watch
urbanisation

71%

61 of 168

World Bank · UN DESA
fertility rate

1.2

154 of 168

World Bank · UN DESA
foreign-born share

15%

30 of 167

World Bank · UN DESA
remittances % of gdp

1.2%

95 of 155

World Bank · IMF BOP
r&d % of gdp

1.8%

22 of 123

UNESCO UIS via World Bank
researchers per million

4,800

22 of 118

UNESCO UIS via World Bank
scientific articles / yr

1.8K

73 of 168

NSF / World Bank
high-tech exports %

18%

30 of 153

World Bank · UN Comtrade
gini inequality

30.7

33 of 139

World Bank · PovcalNet
youth unemployment

20%

122 of 166

ILO via World Bank
democracy (v-dem)

0.84

4 of 163

V-Dem via Our World in Data
clean government

76

12 of 164

Transparency International via Our World in Data
press freedom

15.3

15 of 163

RSF via Our World in Data
human development

0.905

30 of 164

UNDP via Our World in Data
refugees hosted

42K

68 of 150

UNHCR via Our World in Data
refugees produced

126

126 of 152

UNHCR via Our World in Data