SOUTHERN EUROPE

Spain

Madrid · pop. 49M · Spanish, Catalan, Basque · euro

Trajectories

economic complexity

#32

Sliding in the complexity rankings, from #23 in 1995.

2024 · 0.81

Harvard Growth Lab · thin line is the world’s median

the numbers30

when	value	change
1995high	1.04
1996	1.00	−0.04 pts
1997	0.98	−0.02 pts
1998	0.99	+0.01 pts
1999	1.00	+0.01 pts
2000	1.02	+0.02 pts
2001	1.01	−0.01 pts
2002	1.01	0 pts
2003	0.98	−0.03 pts
2004	0.97	−0.01 pts
2005	0.94	−0.04 pts
2006	0.93	0 pts
2007	0.94	+0.01 pts
2008	0.91	−0.04 pts
2009	0.89	−0.02 pts
2010	0.90	+0.01 pts
2011	0.89	−0.02 pts
2012	0.86	−0.02 pts
2013	0.89	+0.03 pts
2014	0.89	0 pts
2015	0.86	−0.02 pts
2016	0.87	0 pts
2017	0.85	−0.02 pts
2018	0.84	0 pts
2019	0.83	−0.01 pts
2020	0.82	−0.01 pts
2021	0.82	−0.01 pts
2022	0.81	0 pts
2023low	0.81	0 pts
2024latest	0.81	0 pts

economic momentum

$35.3K

Roughly doubled since 2000. GDP per head in 2024, in current US dollars.

2024 · $35.3K

World Bank · thin line is the world’s median

the numbers35

when	value	change
1990	$13.8K
1991	$14.8K	+7.3%
1992	$16.1K	+8.8%
1993low	$13.3K	−17.2%
1994	$13.4K	+0.6%
1995	$15.5K	+15.3%
1996	$16.1K	+4.1%
1997	$14.7K	−8.6%
1998	$15.4K	+4.5%
1999	$15.7K	+2.1%
2000	$14.7K	−6.1%
2001	$15.4K	+4.2%
2002	$17.1K	+11.3%
2003	$21.5K	+25.8%
2004	$24.9K	+15.8%
2005	$26.5K	+6.1%
2006	$28.4K	+7.5%
2007	$32.7K	+14.9%
2008high	$35.6K	+9.0%
2009	$32.3K	−9.3%
2010	$30.7K	−5.0%
2011	$31.8K	+3.8%
2012	$28.5K	−10.6%
2013	$29.2K	+2.7%
2014	$29.7K	+1.6%
2015	$26.0K	−12.5%
2016	$26.8K	+3.0%
2017	$28.4K	+6.1%
2018	$30.6K	+7.8%
2019	$29.8K	−2.7%
2020	$27.2K	−8.6%
2021	$30.8K	+13.1%
2022	$30.3K	−1.6%
2023	$33.5K	+10.5%
2024latest	$35.3K	+5.5%

prices

2.8%

A year’s rise in consumer prices, in 2024. The world’s median was 3.1%.

2024 · 2.8%

World Bank · thin line is the world’s median

the numbers35

when	value	change
1990	6.7%
1991	5.9%	−0.79 pts
1992	5.9%	−0.01 pts
1993	4.6%	−1.36 pts
1994	4.7%	+0.15 pts
1995	4.7%	−0.04 pts
1996	3.6%	−1.11 pts
1997	2.0%	−1.59 pts
1998	1.8%	−0.14 pts
1999	2.3%	+0.48 pts
2000	3.4%	+1.12 pts
2001	3.6%	+0.16 pts
2002	3.1%	−0.52 pts
2003	3.0%	−0.03 pts
2004	3.0%	0 pts
2005	3.4%	+0.33 pts
2006	3.5%	+0.15 pts
2007	2.8%	−0.73 pts
2008	4.1%	+1.29 pts
2009	−0.3%	−4.36 pts
2010	1.8%	+2.09 pts
2011	3.2%	+1.40 pts
2012	2.4%	−0.75 pts
2013	1.4%	−1.04 pts
2014	−0.2%	−1.56 pts
2015low	−0.5%	−0.35 pts
2016	−0.2%	+0.30 pts
2017	2.0%	+2.16 pts
2018	1.7%	−0.28 pts
2019	0.7%	−0.98 pts
2020	−0.3%	−1.02 pts
2021	3.1%	+3.42 pts
2022high	8.4%	+5.30 pts
2023	3.5%	−4.86 pts
2024latest	2.8%	−0.76 pts

demographic curve

1.1 children per woman

Far below replacement: rapid ageing ahead. Fell from 2.2 in 1980.

2024 · 1.1

World Bank · thin line is the world’s median · rule marks replacement (2.1)

the numbers65

when	value	change
1960	2.9
1961	2.8	−3.1%
1962	2.8	+1.1%
1963	2.9	+2.9%
1964high	3.0	+4.5%
1965	2.9	−2.3%
1966	2.9	−1.0%
1967	2.9	+1.0%
1968	2.9	−2.4%
1969	2.9	−0.3%
1970	2.8	−0.7%
1971	2.9	+2.1%
1972	2.9	−1.0%
1973	2.8	−1.0%
1974	2.9	+1.4%
1975	2.8	−3.8%
1976	2.8	0.0%
1977	2.6	−4.3%
1978	2.5	−4.2%
1979	2.4	−6.7%
1980	2.2	−6.3%
1981	2.0	−8.1%
1982	1.9	−4.9%
1983	1.8	−7.2%
1984	1.7	−3.9%
1985	1.6	−5.2%
1986	1.6	−4.9%
1987	1.5	−4.5%
1988	1.4	−2.7%
1989	1.4	−3.4%
1990	1.4	−2.9%
1991	1.3	−2.2%
1992	1.3	−1.5%
1993	1.3	−3.8%
1994	1.2	−5.6%
1995	1.2	−2.5%
1996	1.1	−1.7%
1997	1.1	+0.9%
1998	1.1	−1.7%
1999	1.2	+3.5%
2000	1.2	+4.3%
2001	1.2	+0.8%
2002	1.3	+1.6%
2003	1.3	+4.0%
2004	1.3	+0.8%
2005	1.3	+1.5%
2006	1.4	+2.3%
2007	1.4	+1.5%
2008	1.4	+5.1%
2009	1.4	−4.8%
2010	1.4	−0.7%
2011	1.3	−2.2%
2012	1.3	−1.5%
2013	1.3	−3.8%
2014	1.3	+3.9%
2015	1.3	+0.8%
2016	1.3	0.0%
2017	1.3	−1.5%
2018	1.3	−3.8%
2019	1.2	−2.4%
2020	1.2	−4.1%
2021	1.2	0.0%
2022	1.2	−1.7%
2023	1.1	−3.4%
2024latest	1.1	−1.8%

Metrics

population

49M

31 of 176

REST Countries · UN data
gdp

$1.6T

15 of 170

World Bank · latest available
gdp per capita

$33,493

34 of 170

World Bank · latest available
military spending

$24B

17 of 151

SIPRI via World Bank
military % of gdp

1.5%

83 of 148

SIPRI via World Bank
area

506K km²

53 of 176

REST Countries
population density

96.8 /km²

69 of 176

zuhd — derived from population and area
life expectancy

83.9 yr

3 of 175

World Bank · latest available
internet access

95%

25 of 166

ITU via World Bank
co₂ per capita

4.5 t

52 of 163

World Bank · Climate Watch
urbanisation

80%

38 of 168

World Bank · UN DESA
fertility rate

1.1

164 of 168

World Bank · UN DESA
foreign-born share

19%

21 of 167

World Bank · UN DESA
remittances % of gdp

0.4%

122 of 155

World Bank · IMF BOP
r&d % of gdp

1.5%

28 of 123

UNESCO UIS via World Bank
researchers per million

3,654

28 of 118

UNESCO UIS via World Bank
scientific articles / yr

67K

12 of 168

NSF / World Bank
high-tech exports %

9%

63 of 153

World Bank · UN Comtrade
gini inequality

33.4

55 of 139

World Bank · PovcalNet
youth unemployment

25%

141 of 166

ILO via World Bank
adult literacy

100%

7 of 109

UNESCO UIS via World Bank
democracy (v-dem)

0.74

23 of 163

V-Dem via Our World in Data
clean government

56

41 of 164

Transparency International via Our World in Data
press freedom

20.4

26 of 163

RSF via Our World in Data
human development

0.918

24 of 164

UNDP via Our World in Data
refugees hosted

429K

19 of 150

UNHCR via Our World in Data
refugees produced

174

120 of 152

UNHCR via Our World in Data