CENTRAL EUROPE

Poland

Warsaw · pop. 37M · Polish · Polish złoty

Trajectories

economic complexity

#24

Roughly steady in the rankings since 1995.

2024 · 0.98

Harvard Growth Lab · thin line is the world’s median

the numbers30

when	value	change
1995	0.89
1996	0.89	0 pts
1997low	0.85	−0.04 pts
1998	0.89	+0.03 pts
1999	0.88	−0.01 pts
2000	0.94	+0.06 pts
2001	0.95	+0.01 pts
2002	0.96	+0.01 pts
2003	0.98	+0.02 pts
2004	1.00	+0.02 pts
2005	0.93	−0.07 pts
2006	0.98	+0.04 pts
2007	0.99	+0.01 pts
2008	1.00	+0.01 pts
2009	0.98	−0.02 pts
2010	1.05	+0.06 pts
2011	1.09	+0.04 pts
2012	1.08	−0.02 pts
2013	1.09	+0.01 pts
2014	1.09	+0.01 pts
2015high	1.13	+0.03 pts
2016	1.11	−0.02 pts
2017	1.10	−0.01 pts
2018	1.09	0 pts
2019	1.06	−0.03 pts
2020	1.05	−0.01 pts
2021	1.05	0 pts
2022	1.03	−0.02 pts
2023	1.02	−0.01 pts
2024latest	0.98	−0.04 pts

economic momentum

$25.1K

Quadrupled since 2000. GDP per head in 2024, in current US dollars.

2024 · $25.1K

World Bank · thin line is the world’s median

the numbers35

when	value	change
1990low	$1,731
1991	$2,236	+29.1%
1992	$2,459	+10.0%
1993	$2,497	+1.5%
1994	$2,875	+15.1%
1995	$3,701	+28.7%
1996	$4,164	+12.5%
1997	$4,137	−0.6%
1998	$4,534	+9.6%
1999	$4,416	−2.6%
2000	$4,521	+2.4%
2001	$5,015	+10.9%
2002	$5,223	+4.2%
2003	$5,721	+9.5%
2004	$6,712	+17.3%
2005	$8,044	+19.8%
2006	$9,069	+12.7%
2007	$11.3K	+24.3%
2008	$14.0K	+24.6%
2009	$11.6K	−17.7%
2010	$12.6K	+8.8%
2011	$13.9K	+10.3%
2012	$13.1K	−5.6%
2013	$13.6K	+4.1%
2014	$14.3K	+4.7%
2015	$12.6K	−11.4%
2016	$12.5K	−1.4%
2017	$13.9K	+11.6%
2018	$15.7K	+12.5%
2019	$15.9K	+1.4%
2020	$16.2K	+1.7%
2021	$18.6K	+15.4%
2022	$18.9K	+1.4%
2023	$22.1K	+17.2%
2024latest	$25.1K	+13.4%

prices

3.8%

A year’s rise in consumer prices, in 2024. The world’s median was 3.1%.

2024 · 3.8%

World Bank · thin line is the world’s median

the numbers35

when	value	change
1990high	568%
1991	76.8%	−491 pts
1992	46.1%	−30.7 pts
1993	37.0%	−9.13 pts
1994	33.0%	−3.97 pts
1995	28.0%	−5.04 pts
1996	19.8%	−8.16 pts
1997	14.9%	−4.88 pts
1998	11.6%	−3.32 pts
1999	7.2%	−4.44 pts
2000	9.9%	+2.75 pts
2001	5.4%	−4.49 pts
2002	1.9%	−3.50 pts
2003	0.7%	−1.22 pts
2004	3.4%	+2.70 pts
2005	2.2%	−1.20 pts
2006	1.3%	−0.90 pts
2007	2.5%	+1.17 pts
2008	4.2%	+1.71 pts
2009	3.8%	−0.37 pts
2010	2.6%	−1.21 pts
2011	4.2%	+1.66 pts
2012	3.6%	−0.68 pts
2013	1.0%	−2.57 pts
2014	0.1%	−0.94 pts
2015low	−0.9%	−0.93 pts
2016	−0.7%	+0.21 pts
2017	2.1%	+2.74 pts
2018	1.8%	−0.26 pts
2019	2.2%	+0.41 pts
2020	3.4%	+1.15 pts
2021	5.1%	+1.68 pts
2022	14.4%	+9.37 pts
2023	11.5%	−2.90 pts
2024latest	3.8%	−7.74 pts

demographic curve

1.1 children per woman

Far below replacement: rapid ageing ahead. Fell from 2.3 in 1980.

2024 · 1.1

World Bank · thin line is the world’s median · rule marks replacement (2.1)

the numbers65

when	value	change
1960high	3.0
1961	2.8	−5.0%
1962	2.7	−3.9%
1963	2.7	−0.7%
1964	2.6	−4.8%
1965	2.5	−1.9%
1966	2.3	−7.1%
1967	2.3	−0.4%
1968	2.2	−3.9%
1969	2.2	−1.8%
1970	2.2	0.0%
1971	2.3	+2.3%
1972	2.2	−0.4%
1973	2.3	+0.9%
1974	2.3	0.0%
1975	2.3	+0.4%
1976	2.3	+1.3%
1977	2.2	−3.0%
1978	2.2	−0.9%
1979	2.3	+3.2%
1980	2.3	0.0%
1981	2.2	−1.8%
1982	2.3	+4.5%
1983	2.4	+3.4%
1984	2.4	−2.1%
1985	2.3	−1.7%
1986	2.2	−4.7%
1987	2.1	−3.2%
1988	2.1	−0.9%
1989	2.1	−2.3%
1990	2.1	−1.0%
1991	2.1	+0.5%
1992	1.9	−5.8%
1993	1.9	−4.1%
1994	1.8	−3.2%
1995	1.6	−10.5%
1996	1.6	−1.9%
1997	1.5	−5.0%
1998	1.4	−4.6%
1999	1.4	−4.9%
2000	1.4	0.0%
2001	1.3	−4.4%
2002	1.3	−4.6%
2003	1.2	−2.4%
2004	1.2	+0.8%
2005	1.2	+0.8%
2006	1.3	+2.4%
2007	1.3	+3.1%
2008	1.4	+6.1%
2009	1.4	+0.7%
2010	1.4	+0.7%
2011	1.3	−5.7%
2012	1.3	0.0%
2013	1.3	−3.0%
2014	1.3	+2.3%
2015	1.3	0.0%
2016	1.4	+5.3%
2017	1.5	+6.5%
2018	1.5	−1.4%
2019	1.4	−1.4%
2020	1.4	−3.5%
2021	1.3	−4.3%
2022	1.3	−3.0%
2023	1.2	−7.0%
2024latest	1.1	−5.0%

Metrics

population

37M

40 of 176

REST Countries · UN data
gdp

$812B

21 of 170

World Bank · latest available
gdp per capita

$22,145

47 of 170

World Bank · latest available
military spending

$26B

16 of 151

SIPRI via World Bank
military % of gdp

3.3%

19 of 148

SIPRI via World Bank
area

313K km²

72 of 176

REST Countries
population density

118 /km²

52 of 176

zuhd — derived from population and area
life expectancy

78.5 yr

42 of 175

World Bank · latest available
internet access

86%

64 of 166

ITU via World Bank
co₂ per capita

7.6 t

25 of 163

World Bank · Climate Watch
urbanisation

60%

95 of 168

World Bank · UN DESA
fertility rate

1.1

163 of 168

World Bank · UN DESA
foreign-born share

4.5%

78 of 167

World Bank · UN DESA
remittances % of gdp

0.9%

102 of 155

World Bank · IMF BOP
r&d % of gdp

1.6%

25 of 123

UNESCO UIS via World Bank
researchers per million

3,675

27 of 118

UNESCO UIS via World Bank
scientific articles / yr

37K

17 of 168

NSF / World Bank
high-tech exports %

14%

41 of 153

World Bank · UN Comtrade
gini inequality

28.5

19 of 139

World Bank · PovcalNet
youth unemployment

11%

73 of 166

ILO via World Bank
democracy (v-dem)

0.65

34 of 163

V-Dem via Our World in Data
clean government

53

46 of 164

Transparency International via Our World in Data
press freedom

28.8

56 of 163

RSF via Our World in Data
human development

0.906

29 of 164

UNDP via Our World in Data
refugees hosted

1.0M

9 of 150

UNHCR via Our World in Data
refugees produced

1.5K

90 of 152

UNHCR via Our World in Data