European UnionAdvertisers spent €63 billion online in the EU last year.
A Commission-ordered study finds only intermediaries gain, while consumers, advertisers and publishers lose.
Google and Meta dominate, the 570-page study says, by running closed ecosystems and open-web ad infrastructure.
The Commission unveils its Digital Fairness Act on 11 November, but a leaked draft adopts none of the study’s proposals.
How each outlet framed it
- netzpolitik.org leans critical
- frames the ad market as a middleman-captured system where Google and Meta extract value, and says EU digital law fails to fix it, per a 570-page Commission study
Sources: netzpolitik.org