Caracas21.8 million people held the Carnet de la Patria ID by 2023.
The Australian Strategic Policy Institute says it is one of six layers of Venezuela’s largely Chinese-built surveillance.
Firms including Huawei, ZTE, Hikvision and Dahua built or upgraded the six layers.
The report, funded by the Human Rights Foundation, calls the system fragmented and unevenly deployed.
Delcy Rodríguez negotiated the July 2025 AI agreement with iFlytek, sanctioned by the US since 2019.
How each outlet framed it
- Global Voices leans critical
- ties Venezuela's iFlytek memorandum to Delcy Rodríguez's negotiation of it, tracing the sanctioned firm's role in Xinjiang surveillance
Sources: Global Voices